# 4.7. The range Function¶

In our simple example from the last section (shown again below), we used a list of four integers to cause the iteration to happen four times. We said that we could have used any four values. In fact, we even used four colors.

import turtle            # set up alex
wn = turtle.Screen()
alex = turtle.Turtle()

for i in [0, 1, 2, 3]:   # repeat four times
alex.forward(50)
alex.left(90)

wn.exitonclick()


It turns out that generating lists with a specific number of integers is a very common thing to do, especially when you want to write simple for loop controlled iteration. Even though you can use any four items, or any four integers for that matter, the conventional thing to do is to use a list of integers starting with 0. In fact, these lists are so popular that Python gives us special built-in range objects that can deliver a sequence of values to the for loop. When called with one parameter, the sequence provided by range always starts with 0. If you ask for range(4), then you will get 4 values starting with 0. In other words, 0, 1, 2, and finally 3. Notice that 4 is not included since we started with 0. Likewise, range(10) provides 10 values, 0 through 9.

for i in range(4):
# Executes the body with i = 0, then 1, then 2, then 3
for x in range(10):
# sets x to each of ... [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]


Note

Computer scientists like to count from 0!

So to repeat something four times, a good Python programmer would do this:

for i in range(4):
alex.forward(50)
alex.left(90)


The range function is actually a very powerful function when it comes to creating sequences of integers. It can take one, two, or three parameters. We have seen the simplest case of one parameter such as range(4) which creates [0, 1, 2, 3]. But what if we really want to have the sequence [1, 2, 3, 4]? We can do this by using a two parameter version of range where the first parameter is the starting point and the second parameter is the ending point. The evaluation of range(1,5) produces the desired sequence. What happened to the 5? In this case we interpret the parameters of the range function to mean range(start,beyondLast), where beyondLast means an index past the last index we want. In the 2-parameter version of range, that is the last index included + 1.

Note

Why in the world would range not just work like range(start, stop)? Think about it like this. Because computer scientists like to start counting at 0 instead of 1, range(N) produces a sequence of things that is N long, but the consequence of this is that the final number of the sequence is N-1. In the case of start, stop it helps to simply think that the sequence begins with start and continues as long as the number is less than stop.

Note

The range function is lazy: It produces the next element only when needed. With a regular Python 3 interpreter, printing a range does not calculate all the elements. To immediately calculate all the elements in a range, wrap the range in a list, like list(range(4)). Activecode is not designed to work on very long sequences, and it may allow you to be sloppy, avoiding the list function, and see the elements in the range with print(range(4)).

Here are a two examples for you to run. Try them and then add another line below to create a sequence starting at 10 and going up to 20 (including 20).

Codelens will help us to further understand the way range works. In this case, the variable i will take on values produced by the range function.

(rangeme)

Finally, suppose we want to have a sequence of even numbers. How would we do that? Easy, we add another parameter, a step, that tells range what to count by. For even numbers we want to start at 0 and count by 2’s. So if we wanted the first 10 even numbers we would use range(0,19,2). The most general form of the range is range(start, beyondLast, step). You can also create a sequence of numbers that starts big and gets smaller by using a negative value for the step parameter.

Try it in codelens. Do you see why the first two statements produce the same result?

(rangeme2)

turtle-8-1: In the command range(3, 10, 2), what does the second argument (10) specify?
• (A) Range should generate a sequence that stops before 10 (including 9).
• Range will generate the sequence 3, 5, 7, 9.
• (B) Range should generate a sequence that starts at 10 (including 10).
• The first argument (3) tells range what number to start at.
• (C) Range should generate a sequence starting at 3 that stops at 10 (including 10).
• Range will always stop at the number in the sequence before (not including) the specified limit for the sequence.
• (D) Range should generate a sequence using every 10th number between the start and the stopping number.
• The third argument (2) tells range how many numbers to skip between each element in the sequence.
turtle-8-2: What command correctly generates the sequence 2, 5, 8?
• (A) range(2, 5, 8)
• This command generates the sequence with just the number 2 because the first parameter (2) tells range where to start, the second number tells range where to end (before 5) and the third number tells range how many numbers to skip between elements (8). Since 10 >= 5, there is only one number in this sequence.
• (B) range(2, 8, 3)
• This command generates the sequence 2, 5 because 8 is not less than 8 (the specified number past the end).
• (C) range(2, 10, 3)
• The first number is the starting point, the second is past the last allowed, and the third is the amount to increment by.
• (D) range(8, 1, -3)
• This command generates the sequence 8, 5, 2 because it starts at 8, ends before 1, and skips to every third number going down.
turtle-8-3: What happens if you give range only one argument? For example: range(4)
• (A) It will generate a sequence starting at 0, with every number included up to but not including the argument it was passed.
• Yes, if you only give one number to range it starts with 0 and ends before the number specified incrementing by 1.
• (B) It will generate a sequence starting at 1, with every number up to but not including the argument it was passed.
• Range with one parameter starts at 0.
• (C) It will generate a sequence starting at 1, with every number including the argument it was passed.
• Range with one parameter starts at 0, and never includes the argument it was passed.
• (D) It will cause an error: range always takes exactly 3 arguments.
• If range is passed only one argument, it interprets that argument as one past the end of the list.
turtle-8-4: Which range function call will produce the sequence 20, 15, 10, 5?
• (A) range(5, 25, 5)
• The step 5 is positive, while the given sequence is decreasing. This answer creates the reversed, increasing sequence.
• (B) range(20, 3, -5)
• Yes: If we take steps of -5, not worrying about the ending, we get 20, 25, 10, 5, 0, .... The limit 3 is past the 5, so the range sequence stops with the 5.
• (C) range(20, 5, 4)
• The step 5 is positive so the sequence would need to increase from 20 toward 4. That does not make sense and the sequence would be empty.
• (D) range(20, 5, -5)
• the sequence can never include the second parameter (5). The second parameter must always be past the end of the range sequence.
turtle-8-5: What could the second parameter (12) in range(2, 12, 4) be replaced with and generate exactly the same sequence?
• (A) No other value would give the same sequence.
• The sequence produced has steps of 4: 2, 6, 10. The next would be 14, but it is not before the limit 12. There are other limit choices past 10, but not past 14.
• (B) The only other choice is 14.
• 14 would work: It is also past 10, and not past 14, but there are other integers with the same properties.
• (C) 11, 13, or 14
• Yes, any integer past 10, and not past the next step at 14 would work.
Next Section - 4.8. A Few More turtle Methods and Observations